SMART'S 



MANUAL 



OF 



FREE GYMNASTIC 



AND 



DUMB-BELL EXERCISES. 





G V 

^ CINCINNATI: 

^ O O ENT, WILSON & HINKLE, 

S, ICAGO : COBB, PRITCHAED & CO. 

t iJEW YORK : CLARK &. MAYNARD. 



# LIBRARY OF CONGRESS J 



{ ^Ae//..%\^ \ 



e 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, f 



SI 



'^^J 



7-r 

MANUAL 



OF 



FREE GYMNASTIC 



AND 



DUMB-BELL EXERCISES 



FOR THE 



SCHOOL-ROOM AND THE 




\ .' \--^ . 

By JAMES H.' SMXM" ~ 

OF THE TOLEDO SCHOOLS. \^'^/f*J^T-- 



The true educator sees in the present public interest in Physical Edu- 
cation, a promise and a hope." — Br. Lewis. 



CINCINNATI: 

SARGENT, WILSON & HINKLE. 

CHICAGO : COBB, PRITCHAED & CO. 

NEW YORK: CLARK & MAYNARD. 



(TV4r? 



OPINIONS OF EDUCATORS. 

"Resolved, That gymnastic training should be introduced 
into all the schools of the State, and made as indispensable in 
the daily routine of duties as the other exercises of the school- 
room. 

" Resolved, That Free Gymnastic exercises, calculated to secure 
a symmetrical development of the body, may be made successful 
without any loss of time or progress on the part of the pupils in 
their attainments, and that teachers, by the use of a cheap manual, 
will find no difficulty in awakening interest in this indispensable 
branch of education." — Resolutions adopted hy the Ohio State 
Teachers' Association^ at Cleveland^ July^ 1863. 

" Free Gymnastics are of great value in forming the habits of 
the body in the young. The experiment of Free Gymnastics has 
proved a decided success in the schools of Cincinnati." — Lyman 
Harding, SupL of Cincinnati Public Schools. 

"As to the practicability of making physical exercises a part 
of our system of public instruction, I entertain no doubt." — John 
D. Philbrick, Supt. of Boston Public Schools, 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1864, by 

SARGENT, WILSON & HINKLE, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the 

Southern District of Ohio. 

Stereotyped at the Franhlin Type Foundry^ Cincinnati^ Ohio. 



:x ^ ^ -i ^ 



PREFACE. 



To THOSE who have seen the wan cheeks, stooping shoul- 
ders, and sunken chests of the school-children of to-day, no 
argument, proving the necessity of physical culture, need be 
made. 

A system of education is not complete unless it provides 
for physical as well as mental and moral training. Our edu- 
cators are seeking a reform in this matter. '*A sound mind 
in a sound body," are the words for the hour. 

The few School G-ymnasiums we have are doing a great 
work, and are an honor to those by whose liberality they 
were established. Would that there were more of them. 
But the thousands of our common-school children, to whom 
these institutions are inaccessible, are in need of this culture. 

Teachers are introducing Free Gymnastic exercises into 
their schools. A demand is created for a Text-Book adapted 
to their wants, and within their reach. This demand it is the 
object of the present work to supply. 

The exercises in this Manual are adapted to every-day use 
in the school-room or parlor. Daily lessons should be as- 
signed, and learned by the pupils. They should be required 
to thoroughly master the theory of the movements, their 
character, order of succession, number, etc., before class-prac- 
tice is called, so as to be prepared to derive the utmost 
advantage from the teacher's direct instruction. It would be 
desirable, also, to require them to practice^ by themselves, the 

(iii) 



iv PREFACE. 

exercises assigned, and thus acquire ease, grace, and correct- 
ness of movement, prior to appearing before their teacher 
and class-mates. 

These exercises have been used by the author, in schools 
and in private classes, for five years. It has been found that 
their systematic use tends to develop the muscles of the body 
and upper extremities, to enlarge the chest, strengthen weak 
lungs, and remove tendency to consumption; to correct mal- 
position of the head and shoulders, invigorate the whole sys- 
tem, and give a natural and graceful carriage to the body. 

Great advantage is also gained in the discipline of the 
school. A few minutes spent in a vigorous exercise, accom- 
panied by some soul-stirring music, will be more effective 
in removing idleness and mischievousness, and in clearing 
away clouds that often settle upon pupils and teacher, than 
any punishment that may be inflicted. Dull eyes grow 
bright, heads no longer ache, a reform has been effected, 
healthy and lasting, and more real work is done in the next 
hour than would, without these exercises, have been accom- 
plished in two. 

The different movements in each series are arranged so as 
to be easily remembered, and will interest the performer and 
please the beholder. Most of the exercises are adapted to 
tunes of even measure. The piano or violin is a good accom- 
paniment: a drum answers the main purpose. 

For the physiological effect of the movements, reference 
may be made to Dr. Lewis's new works — books that ought 
to be in the hands of every teacher. 



J. H. Smart 



High-School Building, ) 
Toledo, 0., May, 1864. I 



FREE GYMNASTICS. 



STANDING POSITIONS 



EXERCISES FOR THE CHEST. 

FIRST SERIES. 

Position: — Stand erect with heels together and on the same 
line; toes turned equally out, and forming with each other an 
angle of 60° ; knees straight without stiffness ; shoulders square 
and falling equally ; arms hanging naturally by the side with 
elbows near the body; hands firmly closed; head well set, and 
eyes directly to the front. 

At the word of command, the pupil should, in this and in the 
following exercises, take the positions promptly^ with decision^ and 
i n perfect time, 

1. Right hand on chest. 

_ Fig. 2 (s). 

2. Right arm extended hori- 

zontally in front. Fig. 
2(b). 

3. Same as No. 1. 

4. Position. Fig 3 (a). 
Repeat 1, 2, 3, and 4, 

four times. 

5. Left hand same as right 

in No. 1. 

6. Left arm same as right 

in No. 2. 

7. Same as No. 5. 




Fij?. 2. 



(5) 



6 



FREE GYMNASTICS 



^ 6, 7, and 8, four times 
hands on 



w. 



14. 



15. 
16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 
20. 

21. 







S 



8. Position. 
Repeat 5 

9. Both 

chest. Fig. 3(d). 

10. Both arms ex- 
tended horizon- 

tally, and parallel 
in front. 

11. Same as No. 9. 

12. Position. 
Repeat 9, 10, 11, 

and 12, four 
times. 

13. Righthand on chest. 

Fig. 3(d). 

Right hand ex- 
tended horizon- Fig. 3. 
tally to the right. Fig. 3 (c). 

Same as No, 13. 

Position. 

Repeat 13, 14, 15, and 16, four times. 

Left hand on chest. Fig. 3 (d). 

Left hand extended horizontally to the left. Fig. 
3 (c). 

Same as No. 17. 

Position. 

Repeat 17, 18, 19, and 20, four times. 

Both hands on chest. Fig. 3 (d). 

22. Both apms extended horizontally. Fig. 3, (c). 

23. Same as No. 21. 

24. Positioa. 

Repeat 21, 22, 23, and 24, four times. 

25. Right hand on chest. Fig. 4 (d). 



EXERCISES FOR THE CHEST. 



26. Right arm extended perpendicularly. Fig. 4 

27. Same as No. 25. 

28. Position. 
Repeat 25, 26, 27, and 28, four 

times. 

29. Left hand on chest. Fig. 4 (d). 

30. Left arm extended perpendic- 

ularly. Fig. 4 (b). 

31. Same as No. 29. 

32. Position. 
Repeat 29, 30, 31, and 32, four 

times. 

33. Both hands on chest. Fig. 4(d). 

34. Both arms extended perpendic- 

ularly. Fig. 4 (b). 

35. Same as No. 33. 

36. Position. 
Repeat 33, 34, 35, and 36, four 

times. 



(b). 




Fiff. 4. 



Fig. 5 (c). 



SECOND SERIES. 
Position: — Same as in First Series. 

1. Right hand under arm and close to body. 

2. Position, throwing the hand downward forcibly 

Fig. 5 (a). 
Repeat 1 and 2, eight times. 
J. Left hand under arm. Fig. 5 (d). 

4. Position. Fig. 5 (b). 
Repeat 2 and 3, eight times. 

5. Both hands under arms. Fig, 5 (c-d). 

6. Position. Fig. 5 (a-b). 
Repeat 5 and 6, eight times. 

Repeat from 1 to 6, but with hand open. 



FREE GYMNASTICS. 



7. Botli hands on chest. Fig. 4 (d). 

8. Both hands on shoulders. Fig. 6 (g-h) 

9. Right arm horizontal to the 

right. Fig. 6 (e). 

10. Right hand on shoulder. 

Fig. 6 (g). 
Repeat 9 and 10, seven 
times. 

11. Left arm horizontal to the 

left. Fig. 6 (f). 

12. Left hand on shoulder. 

Fig. 6 (h). 
Repeat 11 and 12, eight 
times. 

13. Both arms horizontal. Fig. 

6 (e-f). 

14. Both hands on shoulders. 

Fig. 6 (g-h). 




Fig. 5. 




Fig. 6. 



EXERCISES FOR THE CHEST. 



9 



Repeat 13 and 14, eigtt times. 

Repeat from 9 to 14, but with hands open. 

15. Right arm perpendicular. i ^ (Z^j 

Fig. 7 (i). 

16. Right hand on shoulder. 

Fig- 7 (g). 
Repeat 15 and 16, eight 
times. 

17. Left arm perpendicular. 

Fig. 7 (j ). 

18. Left hand on shoulder. 

Fig. 7 (h). 
Repeat 17 and 18, eight 
times. 

19. Both arms perpendicular. 

\ Fig- 7 (i-j). 

20. Both hands on shoulders. 
\ Fig. 7 (g--h). 
Repeat 19 and 20, eight times. 

21. Same as No. 7. 

22. Position. 
Repeat from 15 to 22, but with hands open. 




Fig. 7. 



THIRD SERIES. 
Position : — Same as before, but with fingers extended. Fig. 8. 

1. Right hand swung to the right, forming with the 

body an angle of 45^ (c), and back to position. 
Fig. 8. 

2. Left hand swung to the left (d), and back to posi- 

tion. Fig. 8. 

3. Both hands swung from body (c-d), and back to 

position. Fig. 8. 



10 



FREE GYMNASTICS. 



4. Right hand swung to the right, forming with the 
body a right angle (e), and back to position. 



Fig. 8. 




Fig. 8. 



5. Left hand swung to the left (f), and back to posi- 

tion. Fig. 8. 

6. Both hands swung from body (e-f), and back. 

Fig. 8. 
Repeat each of the preceding eight times. 

7. Both hands thrown from body (e-f). Fig. 8. 

8. Right hand down to a and back to e, four times. 

Fig. 8. 

9. Left hand down to h and back to /, four times. 

Fig. 8. 

10. Right hand up to g^ Fig. 9, and back to c, four 

times. 

11. Left hand up to h and back to /, four times. 

Fiff. 9. 



EXERCISES FOR THE CHEST. 



11 



12. Botli hands swung up (g^-li) and back (e-f), four 
times. Fig. 9. 




Fig. 9. 

13. Both hands up to position g-h. Fig. 9. 

14. Right hand down to e and back to g^ four times. Fig. 9. 

15. Left hand down to/ and back to h^ four times. Fig. 9. 

16. Both hands down to e-f and back to g-h^ four times. 

Fig. 9. 

17. Both hands at side. Fig. 8. 

18. Right hand from a, Fig. 8, to g. Fig. 9, and back, 

eight times. 

19. Left hand from 6, Fig. 8, to A, Fig. 9, and back, 

eight times. 

20. Strike hands over the head, then down and strike 

behind the body, sixteen times. 

Remark. — ^In the above series let the hands describe the arc 
of a circle, as indicated by the dotted lines. 



12 



FREE GYMNASTICS. 



ABM-SWINGING EXERCISE. 
Position: — Erect; hands at side; fingers closed. 

1. Hands brought together in front, Fig. 10, and back 

to side. Fig. 8 (a-b). 
Repeat this and 
all others of 
this exercise 
sixteen times. 

2. Clap once in 

front and 
back to side. 

3. Hands together 

in front. Fig. 
10. 

4. Right hand 

swing to the 
right as far 
as possible 
without twist- 
ing the body, 
and back to 3. Fig. 10. 

5. Left hand swing to the left and back to position. 

6. Both hands swing apart and back, striking together, 

without bending body. Fig. 10. Good for weak 
lungs. 

7. Swing arms to the right and then to the left, bend- 

ing the body forward a little. Fig. 11. 

Clap the hands together before and then behind 
the body, bending as in Fig. 12. 

Bend the body forward. Fig. 13. 

Throw the left hand forward and downward, bring- 
ing, at same time, the right as far back as possi- 




Fio-. 10. 



8. 

9. 
10. 



ARM-SWINGING EXERCISE. 



13 



ble ; then throw the right forward, bringing the 
left back. 




Fig. 11. 





Fig. 12. 



Fiir. 13. 



14 



FREE GYMNASTICS. 



11. Eight hand describe a circle, moving forward from 
position. Fig. 14. 







#. 



Fig. 14. 

12. Right hand describe a circle, moving backward from j 

position. j 

13. Left hand same as right in No. 11. 

14. Left hand same as right in No. 12. 

15. Both hands same as right in No. 11. i 

16. Both hands same as right in No. 12. : 

17. Repeat 4, 5, and 6, but with body bending forward. 



BENDING EXERCISES. 



15 



BENDING EXEECISES. 
Position: — Erect, with hands on Mps, and fingers front. 
1. Bend body to the front as far as possible, keeping 
the knees straight, and back to position, four 
times. 



Fig. 15. 



,,'-' 








Fig. 15. Fig. 16. 

2. Bend body to the right, and back to position, four 

times. Fig. 16. 

3. Bend body to the left, and back to position, four 

times. Fig. 16. 

4. Bend body back as far as possible, and to position, 

four times. Fig. 15. 

5. Twist body to the right, and back to position, four 

times. Fig. 17. 

6. Twist body to the left, and back to position, four 

times. Fig. 17. 

7. Twist body to the right. 



16 



FREE GYMNASTICS. 





Fiff. 17. 



Fiff. 18. 



8. Pass from No. 7 to No. 6 and back, four times, 




Fig. 19 

0. Position. 



\<^- 



Fig. 20. 



BENDING EXERCISES. 



17 



10. Swing the body around in a rotary motion, four 

times. Fig. 18. 

11. Head turned to the right and back to position, 

four times. Fig. 19. 

12. Head turned to the left and back to position, four 

times. Fig. 19. 

13. Head turned from right to left and back, four times. 

14. Head bowed in front and back to position, four 

times. Fig. 20. 

15. Head tipped back and to position, four times. 

Fig. 20. 

16. Hands drop to the side with fingers closed. 

17. Both arms drawn up and down, four times, as in 

Fig. 21. 

18. Right shoulder up and down, four times. Fig. 22. 





Fig. 21. Fig. 22. 

19. Left shoulder same as right in No. 18. 

20. Both shoulders same as right in No. 18. 

9 



18 



FREE GYMNASTICS. 



21, 
22, 

23. 



24. 
25. 



26. 

27. 

28, 



29. 



30. 
31. 
32. 
33. 
34. 
35. 
36. 
37. 
38. 



Hands on hips, fingers front. 

Raise the body as high as possible, standing on 

tip-toe. Fig. 23. 
Sink the body down to the floor, 

still keeping on tip-toe. Fig. 

23. One of the best exer- 
cises. 
Repeat 22 and 23, ten times. 
Place the hands on the floor. 
Raising the body slightly by the 

hands, thrust feet forward 

and sit down. 
Hands on hips, fingers front. 
Bend body to the front, and back 

to position, four times. 
Bend body to the right, resting 

on right elbow, and back to 

position, four times. 
Bend body to the left, resting 

on left elbow, and back to 

position, four times. 
Same as No. 10. 
Same as No. 11. 
Same as No. 12. 
Same as No. 13. 
Same as No. 14. 
Same as No. 27. 
Same as No. 28. 
Same as No. 29. 
Bend body back and lie down. 




Fig. 23. 



Remark. — A very pleasing effect may be produced by whist- 
ling, humming, or laughing with the syllable Act, to the tune 
"Yankee Doodle" or "Annie Lisle." 



STEPPING EXERCISES. 19 

39. Spring to sitting position. 

40. Draw feet back to a position favorable for springing 

to a standing position. 

41. Hands on floor. 

42. Throw body forward and spring to a standing posi- 

tion. 



STEPPING EXEECISES. 

Position: — Stand erect with hands on hips; fingers front. 

1. Right foot step forward one pace, keeping the body 

perpendicular, and back to position, eight times. 

2. Left foot same as right in No. 1. 

3. Right foot step backward one pace, and back to 

position, eight times. 

4. Left foot same as right in No. 3. 

5. Right foot side-step to the right one pace, and back 

to position, eight times. 

6. Left foot side-step to the left one pace, and back to 

position, eight times. 
Repeat from No. 1, with arms folded. 
Repeat from No. 1, with hands clasped behind head. 
Repeat from No. 1, with arms extended as in Fig. 24. 

7. Jump from position, spreading feet as in Fig. 25, 

and back to position, eight times. 

8. Right foot advance in front four paces of nine inches 

each, and back to position in four steps, four 
times. 

9. Left foot same as right in No. 8. 

10. Right foot step backward four paces of nine inches 

each, and back to position, four times. 

11. Left foot same as right in No. 10. 



20 



FREE GYMNASTICS. 




Fig. 24. 



12. Right foot side-step to the right, four paces of nine 

inches each, and back to position, four times. 

13. Left foot side-step to 

the left and back 
to position, four 
times. 

14. Jump and spread the 

feet, in four paces, 

and back to posi- 
tion, four times. 
Repeat from No. 8 

with arms folded. 
Repeat from No. 8 

with hands clasped 

behind head. 
Repeat from No. 8 

with arms extended 

as in Fig. 24. rig. 25. 




WRIST AND FINGER EXERCISES. 



21 



WKIST AND FINGEE EXEECISES. 
Position: — Erect, with hands at side, and fingers firmly closed. 

1. Right hand twist, as in boring with a gimlet, four 

times. 

2. Right hand open with fingers spread apart, and 

shut, four times. 

3. Left hand twist, four times. 

4. Left hand open and shut, four times. 

5. Both hands twist, four times. 

6. Both hands open and shut, four times. 

7. Right arm perpendicular, with forearm horizontal in 

front. 

8. Same as No. 1. 

9. Same as No. 2. 

10. Position. 

11. Left arm same as right in No. 7. 

12. Same as No. 3. 

13. Same as No. 4. 

14. Position. 

15. Both arms same as right in No. 7. 

16. Same as No. 5. 

17. Same as No. 6. 

18. Position. 

19. Right hand on chest. 

20. Right arm horizontal in front. 

Fig. 26. 

21. Right arm bent; arm horizontal 

and forearm perpendicular. 

22. Same as No. 1. 

23. Same as No. 2. 

24. Same as No. 20. rig. 2g. 

25. Same as No. 19. 




x^ 



«•>«] 



FREE GYMNASTICS. 



26. Position. 

Left hand same as right from No. 19. 
Both hands same as right from No. 19. 

27. Same as No. 19. 

28. Same as No. 20. 

29. Same as No. 1. 

30. Same as No. 2. 

31. Same as No. 19. 

32. Position. 

Left hand same as right from No. 27. 
Both hands same as right from No. 27 




Fis:. 27. 



33. Same as No. 19. 

34. Bight arm horizontal 

35. Same as No. 1. 

36. Same as No. 2. 

37. Same as No. 19. 

38. Position. 



Fig. 27 



"RED, WHITE, AND BLUE." 23 

Left hand same as right from No. 33. Fig. 27. 
Both hands same as right from No. 33. Fig. 27. 

39. Same as No. 19. 

40. Right arm perpendicular. Fig. 4. 

41. Same as No. 1. 

42. Same as No. 2. 

43. Same as No. 19. 

44. Position. 

Left hand same as right from No. 39. 
Both hands same as right from No. 39. 



AN EXERCISE 

ADAPTED TO TUNE OF " RED, WHITE, AND BLUE.'' 

Position: — Erect; feet parallel and three inches apart; handn 
on hips with fingers front. 

1. Advance right foot four paces of nine inches each. 

2. Both hands on chest, fingers closed. 

3. Right hand thrown to the front and brought to 

chest again with force, four times. 

4. Left hand same as right in No. 3. 

5. Both hands same as right in No. 3. 

6. Right hand thrown forward, and, as it is brought to 

chest, the left thrown forward. Alternate thus 
four times. 

7. Strike hands together in front, eight times. 

8. Both hands on chest. 

9. Right hand thrown to the right and brought to chest, 

four times. 
10. Left hand thrown to the left and brought to chest, 
four times. 



24 FREE GYMNASTICS. 

11. Both hands as in No's 9 and 10, four times. 

12. Alternate, four times. 

13. Same as No. 7. 

14. Both hands on chest. 

15. Right hand thrown perpendicularly and brought to 

chest, four times. 

16. Left hand same as right in No. 15, four times. 

17. Both hands same as right in No. 15, four times. 

18. Alternate, four times. 

19. Strike hands together overhead, eight times. 

20. Both hands on chest. 

21. Both hands on hips. 

22. Both hands on chest. 

23. Same as No. 7. 

24. Both hands on chest. 

25. Both hands on hips. 

26. Both hands on chest. 

27. Same as No. 19. 

28. Both hands on chest. 

29. Both hands on hips. 

30. Step back to position in four paces. 

31. Left foot forward, as right in No. 1. 

32. Repeat from No. 1 to No. 29. 

33. Step back to position in four paces. 

34. Right foot step back four paces, and repeat from 

No. 1. 

35. Left foot step back four paces, and repeat from 

No. 1. 

36. Right foot step to the right four paces, and repeat 

from No. 1. 

37. Left foot step to the left four paces, and repeat 

from No. 1. 



AN EXERCISE— " YANKEE DOODLE." 25 

AN EXEECISE 
ADAPTED TO THE TUNE "YANKEE DOODLE.'' 

Position: — Erect; heels together; hands at side with fingers 

firmly closed. 

1. Right hand on chest. 

2. Right arm perpendicular. 

3. Same as No. 1. 

4. Position. 

Repeat 1, 2, 3, and 4, four times. 

5. Left hand on chest. 

6. Left arm perpendicular. 

7. Same as No. 5. 

8. Position. 

Repeat 5, 6, 7, and 8, four times. 

9. Both hands on chest. 

10. Both arms perpendicular. 

11. Same as No. 9. 

12. Position. 

Repeat 9, 10, 11, and 12, four times. 

13. Repeat 1, 2, 3, and 4, once. 

14. Repeat 5, 6, 7, and 8, once. 

15. Repeat 1, 2, 3, and 4, once. 

16. Repeat 5, 6, 7, and 8, once. 



26 FREE GYMNASTICS. 



BREATHING AND VOCAL EXERCISES. 

"Pure air and free exercise are indispensable, and, 
whenever either of these is withheld, the evil conse- 
quences will be certain to extend themselves over 
the whole future life." 

BREATHING- EXEECISES. 

The following series is a fine exercise for cMldren and for 
women. Those who have weak lungs should, after filling them 
with air, tap upon the chest with the fingers, so as to force the 
air into all the vesicles. The force of the pressure may be grad- 
ually increased. Men may strike upon the chest as hard a blow 
as they can bear, always filling the lungs first. The exercise 
should be taken every morning. 

Position: — Erect; hands on hips; fingers front; shoulders 
thrown back, with chin slightly raised. 

1. Inhale and exhale through the nostrils slowly, fill- 

ing the lungs to their utmost capacity, and with- 
out noise, four times. 

Remark. — Weak lungs must not hold the breath too long. 

2. Inhale and exhale efi'usively through the nostrils, 

four times. v 

3. Inhale slowly through the nostrils, and exhale forci- 

bly, in four regular puffs, four times. 

4. Inhale and exhale slowly through the mouth, four 

times. 



BREATHING EXERCISES. 27 

5. Inhale and exhale effusively through the mouth, four 

times. 

6. Inhale slowly through the mouth, and exhale forci- 

bly, in four regular puffs, four times. 

7. Inhale slowly through the nostrils, and, holding the 

breath a moment, exhale explosively through the 
mouth, four times. 

8. Inhale slowly through the mouth, and exhale explo- 

sively through the mouth, four times. 

Remark. — In this exercise, a signal for the explosion may be 
given by the teacher. 

9. Inhale quickly through the mouth, and exhale explo- 

sively, four times. 

10. Inhale slowly and deeply, and beat a roll upon right 

chest with both hands, and exhale explosively at 
a signal from the teacher, four times. 

11. Same as No. 10, but upon left side. 

12. Inhale deeply, and strike upon chest with both 

hands. 
Remark. — Those having v^^eak lungs must not strike too hard. 

13. Repeat the vowel sounds in an explosive tone, fill- 

ing the lungs before each. 

14. Fill the lungs and pronounce the syllable lia forci- 

bly, four times. 
Repeat No. 14, four times. 

15. Fill the lungs and exhale slowly, giving the second 

sound of a, four times. 

16. Fill the lungs and exhale as slowly as possible, 

giving the smooth sound of r. 

Remarks. — The last exercises are good ones for clearing the 
voice. Just the thing for singers. 

Many of these breathing exercises may be introduced with 
profit into any series in the book. 



28 FKEE GYMNASTICS. 

A BKEATHING EXERCISE 

ADAPTED TO THE TUNE " HAIL, COLUMBIA." 

Position: — Erect; hands at side, with fingers closed. 

1. Inhale deeply through the nostrils during the first 

two measures. 

2. Strike upon left side of chest with right hand. 

3. Strike upon right side of chest with left hand. 

4. Same as No. 2. 

5. Same as No. 3. 

6. Same as No. 2. 

Pass through two measures in performing No's 2, 3, 
4, 5, and 6. 

7. Exhale through mouth during the fifth and sixth 

measures. 
Repeat these movements through the tune. 

AN EXERCISE 

ADAPTED TO THE TUNE '' HAIL, COLUMBIA," AND MAY 
BE PERFORMED WHILE SINGING THE WORDS. 

Position: — Stand erect, with hands on hips; fingers front; feet 
parallel, and three inches apart. 

1. Right foot advanced five paces of about six inches 

each. In performing No. 1, sing two measures 
or one line of the song. 

2. Right hand horizontally in front with left hand on 

chest ; fingers closed. 

3. Right hand brought to chest, and the left, at the 

same time, thrown horizontally to the front. 

4. Same as No. 2. 

5. Same as No. 3. 



VOCAL EXERCISES. 29 

6. Same as No. 2. 

7. Strike hands together in front, five times, passing 

through two measures. 

8. Eight hand thrown perpendicularly, with left hand 

on chest. 

9. Reverse position of hands. 

10. Same as No. 8. 

11. Same as No. 9. 

12. Same as No. 8. 

13. Strike hands together five times over head. 

14. Bring hands to hips, and step back to position in 

five paces. 

15. Left foot advanced five paces. 

16. Same as No. 3. 

17. Same as No. 2. 

18. Same as No. 3. 

19. Same as No. 2. 

20. Same as No. 3. 

21. Same as No. 7. 

22. Same as No. 9. 

23. Same as No. 8. 

24. Same as No. 9. 

25. Same as No. 8. 

26. Same as No. 9. 

27. Same as No. 13. 

28. Same as No. 14. 

29. Hands at side. 

30. Both hands on chest. 

31. Strike hands together once in front. 

32. Same as No. 30. 

33. Same as No. 31. 

34. Same as No. 29. 

35. Same as No. 30. 



30 FREE GYMNASTICS. 

36. Same as No. 31. 

37. Same as No. 30. 

38. Same as No. 31. 

39. Position. 

Note. — The movements may be applied to words, thus : 

1 1111 
Hail, Co-lum-bia, hap-py land ! 

2 3 4 5 6 

Hail, ye lie -roes ! heaven-born band; 

7 7^777 

Who fought and bled in free-dom's cause, 

8 9 10 11 12 

Who fought and bled in free-dom's cause, etc. 



SIX MOVEMENTS 



ADAPTED TO ACCOMPANY SPELLING AND ANALYZ- 
ING WORDS, REPEATING THE SOUNDS OF THE 
LETTERS, REPEATING MOTTOES, DATES, ETC., CLAS- 
SIFICATIONS IN GEOGRAPHY, AND MANY OTHER 
CONCERT RECITATIONS. 

Position: — Erect; hands at side with fingers closed. 

1. Both hands strike against side, elbows straight. 

2. Both hands strike on chest. 

3. Strike hands together once in front. 

4. Same as No. 2. 

5. Strike hands together once overhead. 

6. Same as No. 2. 

The following applications will serve to illustrate : 

12 3 4 5 6 1 

a e i u oi ou 

12 3 4 5 6 1 

a a, e e, i i, o o, u u, oi oi, ou ou. 



VOCAL EXERCISES. 31 

123456123456 12 3 41 

aaaaeeiiooouiiuoiou 

1234 5612 

a a, a a, a a, a a, a a, a a, a a, a a, etc. 

12 3 4 6 6 

fate, far, fall, fat, mete, met, etc. 

12 34 5 6 12 345612321 

do re mi fa sol la si do si la sol fa mi re do 



do do do, re re re, mi mi mi, etc. 

12345612 34561 1234561234561 

C-0-n-t-e-n-t-m-e-n-t. I-n-t-e-r-e-s-t-i-n-g-1-y. 

1234 5 61234561234561 

I-n-c-0-m-p-r-e-li-e-n-s-i-b-i-l-i-t-y, 

1234 5 612 3 4 5 61 

F-r-e-e free^ d-o-m dom,^ free-dom. 

1234561 2 3 456 1 2 321 

L-i-b Zi6, e-r er, lib-er, t-y ty^ lib-er-ty. 

123 4 5612 3 4 5612 3 4 5 

G-y-m gym^ n-a-s nas, gym-nas, t-i-c tic^ gym-nastic, 

612 345 6 1 234 5 6 12345 6 12 321 

E-x ex, e-r er, ex-er, c-i ci, ex-er-ci, s-e-s ze^^ ex-er-ci-ses. 

1234 5 612 34 5 61234 5 61 

D-a-r-e dare t-o to d-o do r-i-g-h-t right. 

123 4 561234 5 612 345612 3 

0-u-r our s-c-h-o-o-l school i-s is s-t-r-o-n-g strong 

456 1 234 5 61234 5 6 1 

f-o-r for t-h-e the U-n-i-o-n Un-ion. 

123 45 612 34 5612 34 56 12 346 6 123 456 

Hon-or-if-i-ca-bil-i-ti-di-ni-tat-i-bus-que- 

12345 612 345 6 123 45 6 123 45 612 341 

trans-mag-nif-i-cat-ban-dan-ju-al-i-ty. 



32 FREE GYMNASTICS. 

12 3 4 



Hon'or and shame' from no' condition rise ; 

6 1 2 3 4 



Act well' your part' there all' the hon'or lies. 

1 2 3 4 



How sleep' the brave' who sink' to rest', 

5 6 3 6 



By air their coun'try's wish'es blest'! 



When free'dom from' her mount'ain hight' 

5 6 3 6 



Unfurled' her stand'ard to' the air/ etc. 



Teir me not' in mourn'ful num'bers, 



-'Life' is but' an emp'ty dream'! ^' 

12 3 4 



For' the soul' is dead' that slum'bers, 



And' things are' not what' they seem'. 

1 ^ 2 3 4 5 6 

Connecticut river rises in Connecticut lake; 

12 3 4 6 6 

rises in Connecticut lake; flows southerly, 

12 3 4 5 

flows southerly, between New Hampshire 

c 1 

and Vermont, etc. 

12 3 4 

Maine, Maine ; Augusta, Augusta ; 



SCHOOL MOTTOES. 33 

5 6 

New Hampshire, New Hampshire ; 

1 2 

Concord, Concord, etc. 

Remark. — "Glory, Hallelujah," "Marching Along," or any 
tune in even measure may be sung, hummed, or whistled in con- 
nection with these movements, by taking them in the following 



order, viz 



No's 1, 2, 3, 2, 5, 2, 3, 2, etc. 



SCHOOL MOTTOES 
ADAPTED TO THESE MOVEMENTS. 

" Short and appropriate mottoes learned by children will be 
remembered and felt during life." — Norlhend, 

I will try. 

Always ready. 

We aim high. 

I can if I will. 

Dare to do right. 

Thou, Grod, seest me. 

Labor conquers all things. 

We must aim at thoroughness. 

He liveth long who liveth well. 

If we would excel, we must labor. 

Learning is better than silver and gold. 

Speak the truth ; act the truth \ think the truth. 

Excelsior — higher and higher, but only step by step. 

The end crowns the work. 



34 



DUMB-BELL EXEBCISES. 




DUMB-BELL EXERCISES. 



35 



DUMB-BELL EXERCISES. 

" For more than two thousand years the dumb-bell 
been in use as a means of physical culture. 
Many advantages are justly claimed in its behalf. 
It deserves its great popularity." 




THE DUMB-BELLS 
,UsED should be made of wood, and, at least, three 
and a half inches in diameter. They should weigh from 
one to three and a half pounds, according to the 
strength of the performer. Those weighing six pounds 
are heavy enough for the strongest man. They can be 
readily made, at a small cost, by any wood turner. 



36 DUIMB-BELL EXERCISES. 

THE KOOM 

Should not be too cold. Keep the temperature well 
up to 60° F. It is necessary that the room be well 
ventilated, and free from dust. If a class practice in a 
carpeted room, it should be well swept and dusted pre- 
viously. The position on the floor is shown by Diagram, 
page 34. 

TIME. 

For class practice the evening is as good time as any. 
Care should be taken not to require practice just before 
or just after eating. Those who wish to gain the most 
physical advantage, should practice every morning, allow- 
ing one-half hour before or one hour after breakfast. 

MUSIC 

Is an essential feature of the practice for classes. The 
piano is just the thing for parlor gymnastics. Vocal 
accompaniments are very beneficial. They clear the 
voice, expand the chest, and strengthen the lungs. The 
series are adapted to tunes of marked even measure. 

The following suggestions concerning 

DKESS >. 

Are famished by Madam Demorest, of New York : 

" Nothing could be invented more suitable than the Garibaldi 
waist, the short skirt, and trowsers. The material should be 
very warm. A flannel lining should be added, which will not 
only be found necessary in order to impart comfort to a dress 
which is worn so loose, but preserve from sudden chills when 
the exercises cease. This is particularly requisite with the waist 
and drawers, unless knit drawers are worn under the latter. 



FIRST SERIES. 37 

" The dress should be loose enough, the waist long enough un- 
der the arm, and the sleeves long enough, also, to allow of the 
arms being stretched out to their utmost limit. The sleeves must 
be closed at the wrist. The pants should be drawn in at the 
ankle by an elastic band. 

<'It is very important to the good effect that nothing should be 
left flying, and that no mixtures of colors should be used. Contrasts 
are, of course, very effective, when the combination is in good 
taste, but they should always be obtained from solid colors. 

'* Trimmings may be waved or festooned, or put on as a plain 
border, but they should always be flat, and seem to form, as far 
as possible, an integral portion of the dress. 

" Buttoned boots are the best, as elastic gives too much, and 
laces break. They should be of cloth, foxed with kid, and neatly 
fitted to the foot. 

Remark. — These exercises may be performed without dumb- 
bells, making them/ree. 



FIRST SERIES. 

Position: — Stand erect, as in Free Exercises; bells at side, 
horizontal and parallel. 

1. Right bell under arm and back to position, four 

times. Fig. 1. 

2. Left bell up and back, four times. 

3. Both bells up and back, four times. 

4. Alternate with right and left, four times. Fig. 1. 

5. Both bells on chest. Fig. 2. 

6. Bells on shoulders. 

7. Right bell thrown horizontally to the right, and 

back to position 6, four times. Fig. 3. 

8. Left bell thrown to the left and back, four times. 

Fig. 3. 

9. Both bells thrown horizontally and back, four times. 

Fig. 3. 



88 



DUMB-BELL EXERCISES. 





Fig. 1. Fig. 2. 

10. Alternate, four times. 

11. Right bell thrown perpendicularly and back, four 

times. 

12. Left bell thrown perpendicularly and back, four times. 

13. Both bells up and back, four times, as in Fig. 4, 

except bells parallel. 

14. Alternate, four times. 

15. Bells on chest. Fig. 2. 

16. Position. 

17. Right bell on chest. 

18. Right bell on shouldejr. 

19. Same as No. 7. 

20. Same as No. 17. 

21. Position. 

Repeat the last five, four times. 

22. Left bell on chest. 

23. Left bell on shouldei". 

24. Same as No. 8. 



FIRST SERIES. 



39 





Fig. 3. 

25. Same as No. 22, 

26. Position. 

Repeat the last five, four times. 

27. Same as No. 5. 

28. Same as No. 6. 

29. Same as No. 9. 

30. Same as No. 5. 

31. Position. 

Repeat the last five, four times. 

32. Same as No. 17. 

33. Same as No. 18. 

34. Same as No. 11. 

35. Same as No. 17. 

36. Position. 

Repeat the last five, four times. 

37. Same as No. 22. 



Fig. 4. 



40 



DUMB-BELL EXERCISES. 



38. Same as No. 23. 

39. Same as No. 12. 

40. Same as No. 22. 

41. Position. 

Kepeat the last five, four times. 

42. Same as No. 5. 

43. Same as No. 6. 

44. Same as No. 13. 

45. Same as No. 5. 

46. Position. 

Repeat the last five, four times. 
Repeat from 1 to 16. 



1* 



SECOND SERIES. 
Position: — Same as in first series. 

1. Right bell on chest (Fig. 2), thrown horizontally in 

front (Fig. 5), back 
to chest, and then to 
position. 

2. Left bell same as right 

in No. 1. 

3. Both bells same as right 

in No. 1. 

4. Bight bejl on ohest (Fig. 

2), thrown horizon- 
tally to the right (Fig. 
6), back to chest, and 
then to position. 

5. Left bell on chest (Fig. 

2), thrown horizon- 
tally to the left (Fig. Fig. 5. 
6), back to chest, and then to position. 




SECOND SERIES. 



41 




6. Both bells combin- 

ing No's 4 and 5. 

7. Right bell on chest 

(Fig. 2), thrown 
perpendicularly 
(Fig. 4) back to 
chest, and then to 
position. 

8. Left bell same as 

right in No. 7. 

9. Both bells same as 

right in No. 7. 
Repeat each of the 
preceding, four 
times. 

10. Both bells on chest. 

_ Fig. 2. 

11. Right bell thrown to the front and back to chest. 

12. Left bell same as right in No. 11. 

13. Both bells same as right in No. 11. 

14. Alternate, throwing left forward as the right comes 

back, and vice versa. Fig. 5. 

15. Right bell thrown to the right and back to chest. 

16. Left bell thrown to the left and back to chest. 

17. Both bells combining No's 15 and 16. 

18. Alternate, as in No. 14. 

19. Right bell thrown perpendicularly and back to 

chest. 

20. Left bell same as right in No. 19. 

21. Both bells same as right in No. 19. 

22. Alternate, as in No. 14. 

Repeat from No. 11, four times each. 
Repeat from No. 1 to 9. 



Fig. 6. 



42 DUMB-BELL EXERCISES. 

THIRD SERIES. 
Position : — Same as in first series. 

1. Right bell swung from the body to the right, so as 

to bring the arm perfectly horizontal. Fig. 3. 
Do not twist the bell in swinging. 

2. Position. 

Repeat 1 and 2, eight times. 

3. Left bell swung to the left. Fig. 3. 

4. Position. 

Repeat 3 and 4, eight times. 

5. Both bells swung from the body, combining No's 1 

and 3. 

6. Position. 

Repeat No's 5 and 6, eight times. 

7. Right bell swing from the body to the right, so as to 

bring the arm perpendicular, describing a semi- 
circle. Fig. 4. 

8. Position. 

Repeat 7 and 8, eight times. 

9. Left bell swung to the left. Fig. 4. 

10. Position. 

Repeat 9 and 10, eight times. 

11. Both bells swung from body, combining No's 7 

and 9. 

12. Position. 

Repeat 11 and 12, eight times. 

13. Right bell swung to the front, so as to bring arm 

horizontal. Fig. 7. 

14. Position. 

Repeat 13 and 14, eight times. 

15. Left bell same as right in No. 13. 

16. Position. 



THIRD SERIES. 



43 



Repeat 15 and 16, eight 
times. 

17. Both bells same as right 

in No. 13. 

18. Position. Fig. 7. 
Repeat 17 and 18, eight 

times. 

19. Right bell swung to the 

front, so as to bring 
the arm perpendicular, 
describing a semicircle. 

20. Position. 

Repeat 19 and 20, eight 
times. 

21. Left bell same as right 

in No. 19. 

22. Position. 
Repeat 21 and 22, 

eight times. 

23. Both bells same 

as right in No. ..-. 
19. 

24. Position. 
Repeat 23 and 24, 

eight times. 

25. Same as No. 13. 

Fig. 7. 

26. Right bell swung 

back as far as 
possible. Fig. 
8. 

27. Right bell swung 

to position 13. 







Fiff. 7. 




Fig. 8. 



44 



DUMB-BELL EXERCISES. 



Repeat 26 and 27, sixteen times, 

28. Same as No. 15. 

29. Left bell same as riglit in No. 26. 

30. Left bell swung to position 15. 
Repeat 29 and 30, sixteen times. 

31. Same as No. 17. 

32. Both bells same as right in No. 26. 

33. Both bells swung to position 17. 
Repeat 32 and 33, sixteen times. 

34. Position. 



FOURTH SERIES. 

Position: — Bells at side; exactly horizontal, and so that 
rod passing through one dumb-bell, lengthwise, would run throu 
the center of the other ; thumbs outward. Fig. 9. 

1. Twist right bell so that the 

ends are reversed, then 
back to position. 

2. Left bell twist. 

3. Both bells twist. 

4. Position as in Fig. 10. 

5. Right bell twist. 

6. Left bell twist. 

7. Both bells twist. 

8. Bells on chest. Fig. 2. 

9. Position as in Fig. 11. 

10. Right bell twist. 

11. Left bell twist. 

12. Both bells twist. 

13. Bells on chest. Fig. 2. 

14. Position as in Fig. 3. 

15. Right bell twist. 

16. Left bell twist. 




Fig. 9. 



FOURTH SERIES. 



45 





Fig. 10. Fig. 11. 

r. Both bells twist. 

S. Position as in Fig. 4, but bells parallel. 

d. Rigbt bell twist. 

}. Left bell twist. 

1. Both bells twist. 

2. Bells on chest. Fig. 2. 

3. Position. 

In each of the preceding, twist eight times. 

Remark. — These exercises may be extended or varied to suit 
le teacher or performer. 



46 FREE GYMNASTICS. 



SITTING POSITIONS. 

Malposition in sitting, common among our school- 
children, is a great evil. It cramps the chest and 
stomach, deforms the body, and enervates the whole 
system. It is a frightful source of disease and 
death. 

FIRST SERIES. 

1. Position: — Sit erect; eyes steadily in front; shoul- 

ders thrown back ; arms hanging by the side ; feet 
in front; heels four inches apart; toes turning 
out, forming with each other an angle of 25°. 

2. Arms akimbo. 

3. Hands clasped and on knees. 

4. Arms folded. 

5. Hands clasped and on desk. 

6. Head resting upon right hand with right elbow 

upon desk. 

7. Head resting upon left hand with left elbow upon 

desk. 

8. Head resting upon both hands with both elbows 

upon desk. 

9. Head resting upon both hands with hands upon 

desk. 

10. Same as No. 1. 

11. Right hand upon chest with fingers firmly closed. 

12. Right hand thrown horizontally in front, back to 

chest, then to No. 1. 



SITTING POSITIONS. 47 

13. Left hand same as right in No. 11. 

14. Left hand same as right in No. 12. 

15. Both hands same as right in No. 11. 

16. Both hands same as right in No. 12. 

17. Same as No. 11. 

18. Bight hand thrown horizontally to the right, back 

to chest, then to No. 1. 

19. Left hand same as right in No. 11. 

20. Left hand thrown horizontally to the left, back to 

chest, then to No. 1. 

21. Both hands same as right in No. 11. 

22. Both hands combining No's 18 and 20. 

23. Same as No. 11. 

24. Bight hand thrown perpendicular, back to chest, 

then to No. 1. 

25. Left hand same as right in No. 11. 

26. Left hand same as right in No. 24. 

27. Both hands same as right in No. 11. 

28. Both hands same as right in No. 24. 

29. Arms akimbo. 

30. Arms folded. 

SECOND SERIES. 

1. Position: — Same as No. 1, first series. 

2. Arms akimbo. 

3. Head turned to the right so that chin comes over 

right shoulder, and back to No. 1, four times. 

Remark. — Care must be taken that the head does not tip over 
in turning. 

4. Head turned to the left and back to No. 1, four 

times. 

5. Head tipped to the right with eyes front, and Back 

to No. 1, four times. 



48 FREE GYMNASTICS. 

6. Head tipped to tie left and back to No. 1, four 

times. 

7. Head bowed in front, keeping tbe shoulders well in 

position, and back to No. 1, four times. 

8. Head tipped back as far as possible and back to No. 

1, four times. 

9. Bend body forward as far as possible, and back to 

No. 1, four times. 

10. Body bent to the right and back to No. 1, four 

times. 

11. Body bent to the left and back to No. 1, four times. 

12. Arms falling at side with hands open. 

13. Bight shoulder raised as high as possible and back, 

four times. 

14. Left shoulder same as right in No. 13, four times. 

15. Both shoulders same as right in No. 13, four times. 

16. Face to the right, lifting the feet and placing them 

in the aisle with left arm upon desk. 

17. Face to the front as in No. 1. 

18. Face to the left with right arm upon desk. 

19. Face to the front as in No. 1. 

20. Arms folded. 

In No's 16 and 18 the pupil is ready to stand in 
the aisle. 

THIRD SERIES. 

1. Position: — Same as No. 1, first series. 

2. Arms folded. 

3. Hands clasped and resting on edge of desk. 

4. Right hand thrown horizontally in front. 

5. Left hand same as right in No. 4. 

6. Strike hands together in front, five times. 

7. Right hand on head. 



SITTING EXERCISES. 49 

8. Both hands on head. 

9. Strike hands together five times over head. 

10. Fingers resting on top of shoulders. 

11. Strike hands together five times in front. 

12. Hands on top of head. 

13. Strike hands together five times over head. 

14. Hands twirling over head. 

15. Hands brought suddenly to desk with noise. 

16. Arms folded. 

17. Fingers resting on top of shoulders. 

18. Hands on top of head. 

19. Strike hands together five times over head. 

20. Fingers twirling rapidly over head. 

21. Hands brought to desk softly, tapping with tips of 

fingers in imitation of rain. 

Remark. — The force of the storm may be graduated by signals 
from the teacher. The pupils may at the same time whistle in 
imitation of wind. Two or three of the pupils may be designated 
to strike heavily on their desks with the fists, at intervals, imi- 
tating thunder 

22. Fold arms, sitting perfectly still. 



A SEEIES OF EXERCISES 

ADAPTED TO ANY TUNE IN EVEN MEASURE. 

Position: — Same as No. 1, first series. 

1. Right hand strike on chest. 

2. Right arm horizontal. 

3. Same as No. 1. 

4. Position. 

Repeat the last four, four times. 

5. Left hand same as right in No. 1. 



50 FREE GYMNASTICS. 

6. Left arm same as right in No. 2. 

7. Same as No. 5. 

8. Position. 
Repeat four times. 

9. Both hands on chest. 

10. Both arms horizontal in front. 

11. Same as No. 9. 

12. Position. 
Repeat four times. 

13. Right hand on chest. 

14. Right arm horizontal to the right. 

15. Same as No. 13. 

16. Position. 
Repeat four times. 

17. Left hand on chest. 

18. Left arm horizontal to the left. 

19. Same as No. 17. 

20. Position. 
Repeat four times. 

21. Both hands on chest. 

22. Both arms combining No's 14 and 18. 

23. Same as No. 21. 

24. Position. 
Repeat four times. 

25. Right hand on chest. 

26. Right arm perpendicular. 

27. Same as No. 25. 

28. Position. 
Repeat four times. 

29. Left hand on chest. 

30. Left arm perpendicular. 

31. Same as No. 29. 

32. Position. 



SITTING EXERCISES. 51 

Repeat four times. 

33. Both hands on chest. j 

34. Both arms perpendicular. 

35. Same as No. 33. J 

36. Position. 

Repeat four times. i 

37. Both hands on chest. I 

38. Right hand thrown to the front and back to chest, 

four times. j 

39. Left hand same as right in No. 38. 1 

40. Both hands same as right in No. 38. | 

41. Right hand to the right and back to chest, four 

times. I 

42. Left hand to the left and back to chest, four times. 3 

43. Both hands combining No's 41 and 42. ■ 

44. Right hand thrown perpendicularly and back to • 

chest, four times. } 

45. Left hand same as right in No. 44. J 

46. Both hands same as right in No. 44. .] 

47. Position. 

Repeat from No. 1 to No. 36. 



52 



CALISTHENICS. 



CALISTHENICS. 

"A healthy soul can live only in a healthy body." 




PEELIMINAKY MOVEMENTS. 

Position: — Standing in one rank, heels together and on the 
same line; toes turning equally out at an angle of 45°; body 
erect, shoulders square and falling equally; arms hanging nat- 
urally by the side; elbows near the body; chin a little drawn in, 
with eyes falling to the front. 

FACINGS. 
The instructor or leader will give the command : 
1. Class. 2. Right (or left:)— ¥ ACE. 
At the command face, raise the right foot, turn on 



MARCHING. 53 

the left heel to the right (or left), raising the left toe 
a little, and then place the right heel beside the left, 
and on the same line. 

1. Class, 2. About — Face. 

About : Turn on the left heel, so that the left toe shall 
be directly in front, at the same time carry the right 
foot to the rear, the hollow opposite to, and three 
inches from the left heel, the feet forming a right 
angle with each other. 

Face: Raise the toes a little, turn upon both heels to 
the right, facing to the rear, and place the right heel 
beside the left. 

MARCHING. 
1. Glass^ forward, 2. March. 

Forward: Throw weight on the right foot without bend- 
ing the left knee. 

March: Advance the left foot straight forward about 
eighteea inches (vary according to size of pupil), throw 
the weight upon the left foot, and bring the right foot 
forward eighteen inches in advance of left. March thus 
directly forward without turning the head, and with 
eyes in position. 

1. Class, 2. Halt. 

Give the command halt^ just as one foot comes to the 
ground ; the pupil will rest upon that one, and bring 
the other to its side. 

1. Class^ forward. 2. Double Quick. 3. March. 
Forward: Throw weight on right foot without bend- 
ing left knee. 



54 CALISTHENICS. 

Double Quick : Place hands above hips, back of hands 

toward body. 
March: Make the step as in common time, but a little 

longer. Do not step too high, and do not strike 

heels heavily on floor. 

Common time is at the rate of 90 steps, quick time at 110 
steps, and double quick at 165 steps per minute. 

TO MAKCH BY THE FLANK. 

1. Glass^ right (or left) — Face. 2. Forward. 
3. March. 

Face: Face to the right (or left). 
Forward: Throw the weight on right foot. 
March : Step off with the left foot. 

1. File right (or left). 2. March. 

March: The head pupil, or leader, will change the di- 
rection of marching, to the right (or left) so that the 
new line of march will form a right angle with the 
previous one. Each pupil will march forward, and 
wheel successively on the same spot. 

1. ClasSj in two ranhs. 2. Right — Face. 3. For- - 
ward — March. 

Face: Face to the right, the even numbered pupils 
from the head, after facing, will step quickly to the 
right side of the odd numbered pupils. 

March : Step off with the left foot. In marching by the 
left flank, face to the left; the odd numbered pupils 
will step to the left side of the even numbered pupils. 

The class having been brought to right face, com- 
mand : 



CALISTHENIC FIGURES. 55 

1. ClasSj countermarch hy file right (or lef£). 2. March. 

March : The leader will wheel to the right (or left), and 
march in an opposite direction on a line parallel to, 
and about fifteen inches from the first. Each pupil 
will march forward and wheel successively on the 
same spot. 
The teacher is now prepared to exercise the class in 

a variety of calisthenic movements. 



CALISTHENIC FIGURES. 

The following are beautiful as well as profitable exercises for 
young ladies, and are appropriate for parlor entertainments. 
They may be arranged for a Flower Queen Festival, the young 
ladies dressing in white, and wearing Wreaths of flowers. 

The figures are arranged for classes of twenty, but, by a 
proper division, may be performed by any number. 

The first in the line and every alternate one are called No. I's, 
the others. No. 2's. The class is divided into two sections, and 
the first in each is called a leader. 

THE SQUARE. 

Songs: "Happy Meet We Here ;"" Mountain Maid's 
Invitation;" ''All Hail the Joyful Morning," etc. 

1. Form in single file, and march around and form a 

hollow square. Pass around four times, then 
change the direction of the movement by counter- 
marching inside. Diagram A. 

2. Marching into line, each leader will file right or 

left^ and form each section into a hollow square. 
March around four times, then chan<};e the direc- 



56 



CALISTHENICS. 




I> - 



M 



\i 




Diagram B. 

tion of the movement by countermarching inside. 
Pass around four times, and then form into a 
large square. 



CALISTHENIC FIGURES. 



57 




Diagram C 



58 



CALISTHENICS. 



V 



y \# 

y \t 

Diagram D. 



CALISTHENIC FIGURES. 59 

3. The second and fourth ones on each side of the 
square will side step one pace inside the square, 
forming as in Diagram B. March around, one 
square within the other, four times. Inside set 
about face^ and all pass four times. Outside set 
about face^ and march four times. Inside set 
side step to place, and class pass into line. 

THE CIECLE. 

Songs: ''The May Queen;" ''The Maying Party;" 
" Flowers of May," etc. 

1. March around in a circle or ellipse. Circle four 

times, then change direction by countermarch- 
ing inside. Diagram C. 

2. Leaders march through the center of the circle, 

passing each other on the right, and form two 
circles. Pass several times, and then form into 
a large circle. Diagram C (b). If the first be a 
circle, the second should form two ellipses, and 
vice versa. 

3. Form in double file. Divide each rank into two sec- 

tions. The head one of each section will pass in 
the direction of dotted line, Diagram D, and 
form four circles. Several changes may now be 
made in the direction of marching, producing a 
very pleasing effect. 
Four squares may be formed in a similar manner. 

THE SPIRAL. 

Songs : " Tell me where do Fairies dwell ; " "I would 
T were a Fairy Queen," etc. 



60 



CALISTHENICS. 




V 



.*• v.. 

I 



Diagram E. 






n 






w 



Diagram F. 



CALISTHENTC FIGURES. 61 

March around in a large circle or ellipse. First leader 
then passes just inside the circle and gradually 
winds up to the center, forming a spiral ; counter- 
marching, the leader will pass through the spaces 
of the previous winding, and form a large circle 
or ellipse again. Diagram C (a). 

Form two circles, and then, from these, form two 
spirals. 

THE WKEATH. 

Songs: "A Rosy Crown we Twine for Thee;" "Bring 
Flowers;" "On the Village Green," etc. 

1. March around in a large circle, eight times; about 

face and pass, eight times. 

2. No. 2's side step one pace toward the center of the 

circle ; march around in two circles, one within 
the other, four times. Diagram E. Inside cir- 
cle about face^ and all circle around. All about 
face^ and pass around. 

3. All face toward the center of the circle, and join 

hands in their respective circles. All circle to 
the right with side step. All circle to the left. 
Inside circle to the right, and outside circle to 
the left, and then vice versa. 

4. No. I's, joining their hands, raise them, forming 

arches. No. 2's, courtesying under the arched 
arms of No. I's, step back and form a large cir- 
cle or wreath. Circle around, thus entwined, with 
side step to the right, twice. Circle to the left, 
twice. 



62 



CALISTHENICS. 



c 




Diagram Gr. 

5. No. 2's, courtesying under arched arms of No. I's, 
step forward one pace. No. 2's, dropping hands 
to side, ahout face and join hands with No. I's, 
forming sets of four each. Diagram F. Each 
set swing twice and a half around, leaving No. 
I's in center of circle. Repeat No's 2, 3, and 4. 



THE STAR. 

Songs : " We are the Flowers ; " " Who shall be Queen ? " 
"Prepare we for the Festive Scene," etc. — From 
Root's Flower Queen. 

Form in a large circle. No. 2's step obliquely to the 
left, in front of No. I's ; each even couple step 
obliquely to the left, placing themselves in front 
of the odd couples, forming a Star. Diagram G. 
Right or left face ^ and march around in circles. 



t^ 



CALISTHENIC FIGURES. 



^ r 



63 



V 
V 



^ A 




< > 


,1 


A 




< > 




A ^ 


' 


< > 


' 


A ^ 




< M > 


■ 



V 
V 

v 

Diagram 11. 

THE BOWER. 
Songs : " We Come from Palaces " (Coronation March) ; 
" Receive tliy Crown, Chief of Flowers." — From 
Root^s Flower Queen, 

March around in a large circle, twice; the first couple 
stop, facing each other as in Diagram H, and, 
joining hands, elevate them, or, if wreaths are 
used, form an arch with them ; the second couple 
will pass under the bower and form an arch in 
the same manner ; the remainder of the first sec- 
tion will pass through and form successively. 



64 CALISTHENICS. 

The second section will march through the bower, turn 
to the left, and pass to the foot of the bower; 
through again, and, turning to the right, pass to 
the foot again. The second section will, a third 
time, pass through, and form themselves into a 
bower. 

The first section, taking down wreaths, may march in 
the same manner as the first. The first section, 
in passing through the third time, will join hands 
and pass with side step, when the second leader, 
with each of the others in succession, taking 
down wreaths, will join hands with the others, 
and all pass into a large circle. 

The wreaths should be made large enough to be 
thrown over the shoulders while marching. 

These exercises may be extended or varied to suit the 
occasion. 




N 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

I 



III 

029 714 117 n 



